Light and Color

Three ways light interacts with matter:

When light hits any form of matter, it is able to interact with the matter in three different ways - the light can be be reflected, absorbed, or transmitted.


Reflection happens when light bounces off an object. Light that is reflected allows us to see things.
Absorption light can make objects warmer. Absorption is the transfer of light energy to matter.
Transmission is the passing of light through matter. Transmission of light happens all the time. All light that reaches our eyes is transmitted thorough air.


How is the colors of light determined?

We as humans see different wavelengths of light as different colors. The color that an object appears  to be is determined by the wavelengths of light that travels and reaches our eyes. Light reaches our eyes after it is reflected off an objector after being transmitted through an object. When our eyes receive this light, they send signals to our brains. Our brains then interprets the signals as colors.



Color Addition

When the colors of light combine and mix together, you see many and different colors. Combining colors of light is known as color addition. When two primary colors are combined, we see a secondary color of light. The secondary colors of light are cyan (blue plus green), magenta (blue plus red), and yellow (red plus green).

Color Subtraction

When you combine pigments, more colors of light are absorbed or taken away. Mixing pigments is called color subtraction. The primary pigments are yellow, cyan, and magenta. They are able to be combined to produce other colors.  

The 1st and 2nd Commandments

The first commandment is " I am the Lord your God: you shall not have strange gods before me."



In relation to our Catholic faith, this first commandment is taken very seriously. We are to believe that God is our God alone. No other god or gods exsits. The First Commandment is a reminder to focus on the great power and majesty of our Creator God.
As Catholics, we believe that God created us and only Him. In respect towards Him, we are to only love and have faith in one God, our God.



The first and second commandment are two of the most impostant commandements thaat God gave to Moses and us. The second commandment is "You shall not take the Lord's name in vain." Both of these commandments are in respect to God. He's name is sacred. We are not to use the Lord's name in ways that are meaningless and useless. In the first commandment, we are to only have faith in a way in one God, which is Him. Both the first and second commandment are essential in living a life with God. These commandments help us become better people and followers of Christ.  

Interactions of Light Waves

Refraction

The bending of a wave as it passes at an angle from one substance, or material, to another is called refraction. Refraction of lught waves occurs becuase the speed of light differs depending on the material through which the waves travel through. Light travels slowly through matter. When a wave enters a new material at an angle, the part of the wave that enters first begins traveling at a different speed from that of the rest of the wave.

When light passes into a material where the speed of light is slower, the light bends away from the boundary between the materials.

When light passes into a material where the speed of light is faster, the light bends toward the boundary.

A prism is a piece of glass that separates white light into the colors of visible by refraction. 

If light passes through a prism it will be refracted twice - once when it enters and another when it exits.

The Law of Reflection

The Law of Reflection 

The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. Incidence is the arrival of a beam of light at a surface. 

Reflection

Reflection occurs when light waves bounce off an object. One thing that reflects all around us is light. When you look in a mirror, you see light that has been reflected twice; it reflected from you first, then the mirror.

The Types of Reflection

• Regular Reflection

Regular reflection is when light reflects off a smooth surface, for instance a mirror's surface is smooth.When light beams off all points of the mirror at the same angle, regular reflection occurs.

When light beams are reflected at the same angle, this type of reflection occurs. When our eyes see the reflected beams, we are able to see a reflection on the surface.

• Diffuse Reflection

Diffuse reflection can occur when light is reflected off a slightly rough surface. A wall's surface is a little rough. When light beams will hit the wall's surface, it will reflect at many different angle. That's when diffuse reflection occurs. 

When light beams reflect at many different angles this type of reflection occurs.our eyes do not detect a reflection because not all of the reflected light is directed toward our eyes.

How we use reflection in our daily lives?

Reflection of light is either specular (mirror-like) or diffuse (retaining the energy, but losing the image) depending on the nature of the interface. In specular reflection the phase of the reflected waves depends on the choice of the origin of coordinates, but the relative phase between s and p polarizations is fixed by the properties of the media and of the interface between them.

Ryann Cornelius

The Role of the Dogmatic Constitution in the Church

The First Vatican Council produced many documents that had all different levels of teachings. The dogmatic constitution is to be given a greater  acceptance in faith than a document.




My reflections on: GOD, THE CREATOR OF ALL THINGS
God is our creator. One in the Holy Trinity. We as Catholics believe there is one, holy Lord, creator of all things. He has power, not for his happiness, but for ours. He bestows on us blessings. He will provide.



"God protects and governs by His Providence all things which He has made, "reaching from end to end mightily and ordering all things sweetly" (Wisdom 8:1). For "all things are bare and open to His eyes" (Heb. 4:13), even those which are yet to be, by the free action of creatures."

Reflection on: REVELATION
God, the beginning and end of all things, may be certainly known by the natural light of human reasons. God is telling us our revelation and the revelation of the Church itself.



Reflection on: FAITH
We are to have faith in God. God is our light in this world and in every world. We must believe and trust in Him, for he is our creator. We should not believe in Him because we "have" to, but because we really do have faith in Him and because we love Him.



Reflection on: FAITH AND REASON

Faith and reason are always together. Without faith, reason is only a scientific explanation on things and thats how it is viewed. But with faith, you are able to believe in that reason. Without reason, there is nothing to have faith or belief in.

 

The Types of Electromagnetic Waves

How do electromagnetic waves differ from each other?

EM waves that have different wavelengths can travel at the same speed, but their frequencies must also be different.




Radio waves and Microwaves

• Radio Waves

These waves cover a wide section of waves in the electromagnetic waves (EM) spectrum. Radio waves at most times have the longest wavelengths and the lowest frequencies of all types of EM waves. Any wavelength of an EM wave that is longer than 30 cm is considered a radio wave. 

Radio waves are used foe broadcasting radio signals. Radio stations compute sound information into radio waves by differing the waves' amplitude or their frequencies.Changing amplitude or frequencies is called modulation.

There are AM and FM radio stations. AM stands for "amplitude modulation" and FM is "frequency modulation".

Television signals are also carried by radio waves.

• Microwaves

Microwaves have shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies than radio waves do. You know when a wave is a microwave because their wavelength are between 1 mm and 30 cm. Microwaves are used to send information over long distances.
Microwaves are also used in radar. Radar (radio detection and ranging) is used to detect and see the speed and location of objects.




Infrared Waves

• Infrared Waves

Infrared waves have shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies than microwaves. The wave lengths of these waves differ between 700 nanometers (nm; is equal to 0.000000001 m) and 1 mm.
The sun is one source of infrared waves. Our skin absorbs these waves when they strike our body (from the sun). The energy from these waves causes particles in our skin to vibrate more, which cause our temperature to rise.
The amount of infrared waves an object repels and gives off depends on the object's temperature. Warmer objects give off more infrared waves. While cooler objects give off less.
Infrared waves are not visible to us. But some devises detect these waves.



Visible Light and Ultraviolet Light

• Visible Light

Visible light is the very narrow range of wavelengths and frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum that us, humans, can see. Visible light waves have longer wavelengths and higher frequencies than infrared waves do. There wavelengths of these waves are between 400 nm and 700 nm.
Energy from the sun that reaches earth can be visible light. This visible light from the sun is white light. White light is visible light of all wavelengths added together.

• Ultraviolet Light

Ultraviolet light (UV light) is another type of electromagnetic wave produced by the sun. These waves have shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies than visible light does. The wavelengths of ultraviolet light waves differ between 60 nm and 400 nm. This light affects our bodies in both good and bad ways.
Some bad effects include sunburns. These types of waves can cause skin cancer, wrinkles, and damage to the eyes.
Some good effects include the killing of bacteria on food and surgical tools. Skin cells produce vitamin D when the skin is exposed to this light.


X rays and Gamma Rays

• X rays

X rays have wavelengths between 0.001 nm and 60 nm. They are able to pass through many materials. Though X rays are helpful, to much exposure to these waves can damage or even kill living cells.

• Gamma Rays

Gamma rays are electromagnetic waves that have wavelengths shorter than 0.1 nm. They are able to make a hole in most materials very easily. These rays are also used to kill harmful bacteria in foods, like meat and fresh fruits. They do not harm the food or stay in it.

Ryann Cornelius

The Ten Commandments

The  Ten Commandments is a summary of God's Law for us. And how each of us need to live. God's Law is called the natural law. It is the main focus and foundation of all human laws, both moral and civil.
On Mount Sinai, God gave Moses the Ten Commandments. The these commandments give us a clearer view and a better understanding of what God's Law is about.




"The Ten Commandments, also known as the Decalogue (decalogue: ten words), constitute the ethical code by which the human race is guided, on the one hand, to believe in the true God, and, on the other hand to sustain the godly society in the attainment and application of God's will on earth. The Ten Commandments were kept undefiled and handed down to us as a treasure and monument of Christian civilization. The Christian Church has embodied the Ten Commandments as a basic moral code of, discipline toward God and toward men. "There is probably no human document which has exercised a greater influence upon, religion and morals than the Ten Commandments"."

http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith7115

The Ten Commandments:

1. I am the Lord your God: you shall not have other gods before me.
2. You shall not take the name of the Lord in vain.
3. Remember to keep the Lord's Day.
4. Honor your father and mother.
5. You shall not kill.
6. You shall not commit adultery.
7. You shall not steal.
8. You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor.
9. You shall not covet your neighbor's wife.
10. You shall not covet your neighbor's goods.

The Decalogue

The Decalogue is another name for the Ten Commandments. Decalogue means "ten words". The Ten Commandments or the Decalogue were given to the Israelites and to all people of all nations. The Decalogue is the foundation and beginning of our lives with God and with everyone else. The Ten Commandments are what build a person's character. We all have an obligation to follow these Ten Commandments. Not only with our minds, but with our hearts.

How does the Ten Commandments guide and nourish the spiritual well being of Catholic believers?

The Ten Coomandments guide us and tell us what is good and bad in the eye's og God. We are to follow these commandments so we can live a better and happier life. (A life with God.)

They tell us not to kill or covet our neighbor's good or wife. We  must listen. They are our Catholic laws.

  

  

How the Church is Human and Divine

The Catholic Church is both human and divine.

The Church is made of us, people, who do sin and are capable in doing so. We are also ignorant. That's what makes the Church human.
On a divine level,  the Church has Christ's positive responce that God will never leave us. The Holy Spirit will always guide the Church in seeking and following the truth in alll thins, especially in regards to faith and morals.

The Church is not God. The Church is the People of God. The Church is not Jesus. The Church is the Mystical Body of Jesus. In other words, the Church is human and divine. It is divine in its founder, Jesus Christ, true God and true man. It is divine in its purpose which is the salvation of souls. It is divine also in the means it uses, particularly the Mass and the Sacraments, all instituted by Jesus. But it is human in its members and in its leaders. It is the Church of great saints and notorious sinners. Jesus illustrated this fact in the parable of the wheat and the weeds. Both will be present until the end and then they will be separated. This is confirmed in Jesus’ description of the last judgment.

Ryann Cornelius

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Not seeing light and calling it light is pretty odd. That is called visible light. Ultraviolet light is similar to visible light. Both are electromagnetic (EM) waves. Examles of EM waves include X rays, radio waves, and microwaves.


Characteristics of Electomagnetic Waves

The speed of a wave is found by multiplying its wavelength by its frequency. EM waves that have different wavelengths can move and travel at the same speed as long as there frequencies are also different. The electromagnetic spectrum is the entire range of EM waves. The electromagnetic spectrum is separated into sections according to the length of the waves. There is no sharp divisions between one kind of wave and the next. Some waves have overlapping ranges.

The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible frequencies of electromagneticradiation. The "electromagnetic spectrum" of an object has a different meaning, and is instead the characteristic distribution ofelectromagnetic radiation emitted or absorbed by that particular object.

Ryann Cornelius

How Can We Carry on the Works of Christ

We as people have a part in carrying on Jesus' works and spreading the good news. As children of God, we are to fulfill what Christ tells us in the scriptures. Christ lived a life of kindness and love for everyone. He taught audiences of all kinds.Most times those audiences didn't understand or want to cooperate. They listened to Him and were struck with insperation for the time he spoke, but then time moved on and they didn't change or try to understand what Christs' message was. We are one, holy Catholic, apostalic Church (Catholic meaning universal). We are one together. And we as desciples make up the Church.


Christ died on the cross for all of our sins and for our salvation. We owe Him in spreading what we learn from scriptures and what he taught us to all nations.
Some ways we can do that is through evagelization. That means to announce or proclaim the Gospel by words and deeds. This is the main work of the Church and it teaches us that Jesus taught and fullfilled his command to make disciples of all nations.  
We also can do good works for others and for our Church. Giving our time to others is what Christ did. He put God before anything else. We should do the same.

We as people of God need to give ourselves to carrying out Christ' works.

Ryann Cornelius

Electric and Magnetic Fields

Electromagnetic waves change electric and magnetic fields.

An electric field surrounds every type of charged object. This electric field pulls oppositely charged objects toward the object that is surrounded by the electric field and repels like-charged objects.

A magnetic field surrounds every type of magnet. Due to magnetic fields objects are attracted to magnets. When two magnets come in contact with each other, you can feel the effect of magnetic fields.

Electric field is defined as the electric force per unit charge. The direction of the field is taken to be the direction of the force it would exert on a positive test charge. The electric field is radially outward from a positive charge and radially in toward a negative point charge.

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/elefie.html

A magnetic field is the magnetic effect of electric currents and magnetic materials. The magnetic field at any given point is specified by both a direction and a magnitude (or strength); as such it is a vector field.

Magnetic fields can be produced by moving electric charges and the intrinsic magnetic moments of elementary particles associated with a fundamental quantum property, their spin. In special relativity, electric and magnetic fields are two interrelated aspects of a single object, called the electromagnetic tensor; the split of this tensor into electric and magnetic fields depends on the relative velocity of the observer and charge. In quantum physics, the electromagnetic field is quantized and electromagnetic interactions result from the exchange of photons.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_field

Ryann Cornelius

Documents from the Vatican Council II

Three Major Documents from the Second Vatican Council II

Dei Verbum is the first major document from Vatican II. It is a dogmatic constitution about the Word of God.

According to the document Dei Verbum:

"....2. In His goodness and wisdom God chose to reveal Himself and to make known to us the hidden purpose of His will (see Eph. 1:9) by which through Christ, the Word made flesh, man might in the Holy Spirit have access to the Father and come to share in the divine nature (see Eph. 2:18; 2 Peter 1:4). Through this revelation, therefore, the invisible God (see Col. 1;15, 1 Tim. 1:17) out of the abundance of His love speaks to men as friends (see Ex. 33:11; John 15:14-15) and lives among them (see Bar. 3:38), so that He may invite and take them into fellowship with Himself. This plan of revelation is realized by deeds and words having an inner unity: the deeds wrought by God in the history of salvation manifest and confirm the teaching and realities signified by the words, while the words proclaim the deeds and clarify the mystery contained in them. By this revelation then, the deepest truth about God and the salvation of man shines out for our sake in Christ, who is both the mediator and the fullness of all revelation. (2)....."

http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19651118_dei-verbum_en.html

The second major document is called Lumen Gentium. It is also a dogmatic constitution describing the Church as a mystery in which God is at work. Laity and the clergy of the Church is both included in the mystery.

Our Church is a pilgrimage on a journey of faith, guided and led by the Holy Spirit, but always is in need of growth with the people.

Lumen Gentium means Light of Nations.

According to the document Lumen Gentium: 

"....1. Christ is the Light of nations. Because this is so, this Sacred Synod gathered together in the Holy Spirit eagerly desires, by proclaiming the Gospel to every creature,(1) to bring the light of Christ to all men, a light brightly visible on the countenance of the Church. Since the Church is in Christ like a sacrament or as a sign and instrument both of a very closely knit union with God and of the unity of the whole human race, it desires now to unfold more fully to the faithful of the Church and to the whole world its own inner nature and universal mission. This it intends to do following faithfully the teaching of previous councils. The present-day conditions of the world add greater urgency to this work of the Church so that all men, joined more closely today by various social, technical and cultural ties, might also attain fuller unity in Christ..."

http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_cons_19651207_gaudium-et-spes_en.html

The last constitution of The Second Vatican Council is Gaudium et Spes. This is a pastoral document that focuses on the relationship between the Church and the modern world. The Church must be continually engaged in the world. Whatever humanity expeirences the Church too expereinces these through the followers of Jesus. 

The Church is to help shed light on trhe human condition, and take part in sharing and addressing the needs of the world.

According to the document Gaudium et Spes:

".....1. The joys and the hopes, the griefs and the anxieties of the men of this age, especially those who are poor or in any way afflicted, these are the joys and hopes, the griefs and anxieties of the followers of Christ. Indeed, nothing genuinely human fails to raise an echo in their hearts. For theirs is a community composed of men. United in Christ, they are led by the Holy Spirit in their journey to the Kingdom of their Father and they have welcomed the news of salvation which is meant for every man. That is why this community realizes that it is truly linked with mankind and its history by the deepest of bonds...."

http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_cons_19651207_gaudium-et-spes_en.html

Ryann Cornelius

    

Nature of Light

Light: An Electromagnectic Wave

Light is a type of energy that travels and moves as a wave. But light is different from other types of waves. Sound waves and water waves need to travel through matter. While light does not require or need matter in order to travel.

Light is an elctromagnetic wave which is a wave that can travel through empty space or matter and is made of chamging electric and magnetic fields.

Fields live and exsit around certain objects. These fields are able to exert a force on another object without touching or making contact with that object

.Earth is a source of a gravitational field. This field attracts us and everything else towards the Earth. This field is not made of matter like all other fields.

Electrtic and magnectic fields are perpendicular (are at right angles) to each other. They are also perpendicular to the direction of the wave's motion.






  "To understand the nature of light and how it is normally created, it is necessary to study matter at its atomic level. Atoms are the building blocks of matter, and the motion of one of their constituents, the electron, leads to the emission of light in most sources."

http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/time_travel/esp_ciencia_timetravel05.htm#What is Light

Ryann Cornelius