Light and Sight

We see objects that produce their own light due to the light being detected by our eyes. We view all other objects because light reflected from the objects enters into our eyes.



















































How we detect light


Visible light is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be detected by our eyes. Our eye gathers light to form the images that we see.
Muscles around the lens change the thickness of the lens so that objects at different distances can be seen in focus. The light that forms the real image is detected  by receptors in the retina called rods and cones. Rods can detect very dim light. Cones detect colors in bright light.

How our eyes work

1. light is refracted as it passes through the cornea, a membrane that shields and protects the eye
2. Light then passes through the pupil, the opening in the eye
3. The iris controls the size of the pupil This is the colored part of the eye
4. The lens of the eye is convex and refracts light to focus a real image on the back of the eye
5. The retina is the back surface of the eye. Light is detected by receptors in the retina called rods and cones
6. Nerves attached to the rods and cones carry information to the brain about the light that strikes the retina  

Seventh and Eigth Commandments

Seventh Commandment

"You shall not steal."


This Commandment teaches us that all creation belongs first to God. He is the source of all life, from all things visible to invisible. God has made us stewards of creation and the world.


The Seventh Commandment commands us that we treat people justly. Stealing is an act of injustice. It is the taking of the possessions that rightfully and legitimately belong to another person.


All forms of stealing are acts of disrespect toward the dignity of the human person. If we steal something, we are to return it and take responsibility for having done wrong. In all acts and forms of stealing, we are to take full responsibility for our actions.






Eigth Commandment



"You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor"

Jesus taught us to be truthful in all things. The heart of this Commandment is the integrity of truth. Truth will always set us free to live as God created us to live.


Telling the truth seams easy at times, but when we have done something wrong, it isn't always that easy. That is why there is a connection between honesty and integrity. Honesty is speaking the truth. Integrity is living the truth. This means being true with our words and in our actions.


Lying is the act of intentionally deceiving someone who has the right to the truth by deliberately saying what is false.
Perjury, gossip, and boasting can bend, twist, distort, and even destroy the truth. Perjury is lying under oath. Gossip is harming a person's reputation and honor with word of mouth. Boasting is unnecessarily inflating their accomplishments and abilities.
Telling the truth is vital to our relationships with people. Telling lies tears down trust and separates people from one another.    

The Gift of God's Law

The Ten Commandments summarize the Law og God. This law is called the natural law. Its the foundation of all human laws, moral and civil.



The revelation of the Law on Mount Sinai prepared the Israelites for the Revelation of Jesus Christ. The word of God, who is Jesus, became flesh and fulfilled the Revelation of the old Law.
Jesus taught his disciples:

"Do not think that I have come to abolish the law or the prophets. I have come not to abolish but to fulfill...
Whoever obeys and teaches these commandments will be called great in the kingdom of heaven."

Matthew 5:17,19

Jesus taught people to return to the way of their hearts, to love God and everyone else with their whole hearts. 

He gave us the Holy Spirit to help us live the Law of God to its fullest.

The purpose of Jesus’ life and work was to fulfill both the Law (the books of Moses) and the Prophets (other Old Testament books). He did not destroy the Old Testament. But that does not mean that Christians have to keep circumcision and all the other old laws.

The Fifth and Sixth Commandment

The Fifth Commandment

"You shall not kill."


This commandment explains and demands that we respect and protect the sacredness of human life. God created all life.He created and creates every human being and living life in His own image. He shares His life and love with everyone. Without Him sharing Himself, there would be no life.
We are to respect every human being and living creature and treat it with sacredness. Violence, unfortunately, has become part of our everyday world and society. It has taken many forms.
This commandment tells us to take a stand against violence in a way.God bands and condemns the evils and grave sins in doing violence to human life.
Murder and abortion are two examples of killing, which is a type of violence.

Murder

Murder is the direct and intentional killing of innocent person or any living creature for that matter. In all its forms, murder is always gravely sinful.



Abortion

A child who is conceived, but not yet born, is still a living human being. Abortion is the direct and intentionally killing of an unborn child. This type or form of violence is also considered a grave sin. This violent act violates the dignity of the human person and the holiness of the Creator.
A Catholic choosing to have an abortion is excommunicated from the Church. This means that a person who chooses to have an abortion chooses to separate herself from the Church.



Other violation of this commandment include suicide and euthanasia.

Suicide is the intentional and direct killing of oneself. Euthanasia is the direct and intentional killing of a person who is suffering from a long-term or even terminal illness. These two violent things violate the dignity of oneself.




Sixth Commandment

"You shall not commit adultery."



This commandment is related to God's plan for life and love. This Law of God guides us to respect each other in our relationships and help us stay true to God's plan for human sexuality. God created each of us either female or male. We grow and mature in our appreciation for who God created us to be.
God calls us to honor and guard our "true selves" so we can keep integrity of the heart. Some virtues that hep us include prudence, self-control, and chastity.

Prudence helps us understand that our lives are unique and can be cherished wisely. Without it, we sometimes live our lives foolishly.
Self-control in sexuality means that we must know ourselves and discipline ourselves.
Chasity helps us respect the sexuality of others and ourselves. Hedonism surrounds us in advertisements and is all often culturally acceptable.



We all are to honor one another. Men and women are equal in dignity and complementary in gender.





  

Strange gods Around Us

If we are not careful, especially at our age, we all can get caught up in "strange gods" or things we imagine that are worth more than God himself. In society today, there are many things and feelings we have for them that claim happiness in our minds and we think that we found happiness in the consumption of a certain products or the possession of certain things.

Materialism is one of the things we can consider as a "strange god". We all need things that are essential in our human life, but some things we don't need, we get hooked on them and it's a waste. God should be our priority. The center of our lives, not materials. Though, some things can help bring joy in our lives or aid  us in loving God, others, and ourselves. The pursuit of wanting more can ruin our relationship with God. The wanting of "more" can lead us to thinking that those things are more important than God. "Strange gods" we would call them. Then in time, they become idols when God should be our only idol.

Vanity is another thing that leads us to believing in "strange gods". Looking good is not a bad thing, but it can be a worthy pursuit. Though, when physical appearances become an obsession and soon becomes another idolization. Wanting to look good is normal and natural at our ages. But the want to look more than beautiful is not healthy at our age. God gave us a gift, our lives. He created us in his own image. We should learn to accept ourselves the way he made us.

Profanity of Music

Music is a very big part in our society today. Without music, how would we express ourselves.Though, some music is very degrading and it can hurt people. It can promote violence or even make money and other things that are far from God the center of our lives. Some music promotes using profanity in our everyday life, which then become a "strange god".



Obsession in Sports

Sports are also a way to express a person's personality and feelings. They're great. But some people become obsessed with sports and make them the center of their lives. Winning becomes everything and not the joy of the sport. Sports should be used for fun competition, good exercises, opportunities for friendship, and ways of releasing energy, in a positive way.



Which false gods or "strange gods" do you think teens struggle with most?

I think teens struggle with being vain. In this society, being pretty or "perfect" is a must. Many people don't understand that being pretty doesn't always fix everything. A person should except themselves with what God gave them. We are made in His image.
Being "pretty" or "beautiful" starts with the soul. Are you happy with yourself?  

The Types of Lenses

Lenses and Refraction Light

A lens is a transparent object  that forms an image by refracting , or bending, light. Shape classifies lenses. There are two types of lenses, convex and concave lenses. Like mirrors, lenses have a focal point and an optical axis.

Convex Lenses

A lens that is thicker in the middle than at the edges is a convex lens. Convex lenses form different kinds of images. Two kinds of images that can be formed is a virtual image and real image.
These types of lenses can form a real image that is larger than the object if the object is between 1 and 2 focal lengths away from the lens.
A Virtual image is formed when an object is less than 1 focal length away from a convex lens. This image would be larger than the object itself.
A real image is formed when an object is more than 2 focal lengths away from the lens. The image is smaller than the object.



Concave Lenses

A concave lens is a lens that is thinner in the middle than at the edges. When light rays enter a concave lens parallel to the optical axis, it always bends away from each other and appear to come from a focal point in front of the lens. The rays never meet. These types of reasons do not form real images due to this. Instead they form virtual images.
These types of lenses are sometimes combined with other lenses in telescopes. The combination of these lenses produce clear images of distant objects.

Types of Mirrors

Mirrors are classified by their shape. There are three shapes of mirrors; plane, concave, and convex.

Plane Mirrors



A plane mirror is a mirror that has a flat. When we look at plane mirrors, our reflection is right side up. The reflection is the same size as you are. Images in a plane mirror are reversed left to right.
In a plane mirror, our image appears to be the same distance behind the mirror as we are in front of it. This happens due to the light reflecting off the mirror. When this happens, our brain thinks the reflected light travels in a straight line from behind the mirror. the image formed by a plane mirror is a virtual image. A virtual image is an image through which light does not travel.

Concave Mirrors



A mirror that is curved inward is called a concave mirror. The appearances formed by concave mirrors differ from the images formed by plane mirrors. An image formed by a concave mirror depend \s on three things; optical axis, focal points, and focal length of the mirror.
Plane mirrors can only form virtual images. Concave mirrors also form virtual images. But they can also form real images as well. A real image is an image where light passes. A real image can be projected onto a screen, but a virtual image can not.

Convex Mirrors



A convex mirror is a mirror that curves outward. For example, when you look at your reflection in the back of a spoon, you will see that your image appears right side up and small.
The reflected rays do not cross in front of a convex mirror. The reflected rays then are extended behind the mirror to find the virtual image. All images formed by convex mirrors are virtual, right side up, and smaller than the original object.
These mirrors are useful because they make images of large areas.

The Third and Fourth Commandment

Third Commandment

"Remember to keep the Lord's Day."


The Lord's day is a day set aside to honor and reflect on God.We are to keep this day holy by acknowledging the primacy of our relationship with God.We worship God and recreate our proper relationship with God, with our family, others, and all creation. The Lord's Day is our priority and we make sure that no other demands prevent us from making the observance of the Lord's Day the center of our week.
For us Catholics, Sunday is observed as our Lord's Day. This day reminds us of Christ's Resurrection. On Sunday, Mass is held, which is the heart of the Church's celebration of the Lord's Day. We receive the grace, the nourishment, and the strength to show our reverence for God in all words and actions.


Fourth Commandment

"Honor your father and mother."


God calls our attention to the whole family with this commandment. Our family is the most important essential community to which we belong to. The first place of prayer is within our family. Our family is the heart of every other communities.
Parents have a great duty and job to provide, as much as possible, for the physical and spiritual needs of their children. Catholic parents teach their children that the first calling of a Catholic is to follow Christ.
Obedience includes the respectful listening and trusting response to a person who has authority over us and who asks us to do something that is accordance with God's Law.
When we trust in our parents and in their guidance, we show the esteem in which we hold them. When we respect them, we are honoring them. We build a strong relationship with our families and strengthen the bonds that hold us together as a family.  

Light and Color

Three ways light interacts with matter:

When light hits any form of matter, it is able to interact with the matter in three different ways - the light can be be reflected, absorbed, or transmitted.


Reflection happens when light bounces off an object. Light that is reflected allows us to see things.
Absorption light can make objects warmer. Absorption is the transfer of light energy to matter.
Transmission is the passing of light through matter. Transmission of light happens all the time. All light that reaches our eyes is transmitted thorough air.


How is the colors of light determined?

We as humans see different wavelengths of light as different colors. The color that an object appears  to be is determined by the wavelengths of light that travels and reaches our eyes. Light reaches our eyes after it is reflected off an objector after being transmitted through an object. When our eyes receive this light, they send signals to our brains. Our brains then interprets the signals as colors.



Color Addition

When the colors of light combine and mix together, you see many and different colors. Combining colors of light is known as color addition. When two primary colors are combined, we see a secondary color of light. The secondary colors of light are cyan (blue plus green), magenta (blue plus red), and yellow (red plus green).

Color Subtraction

When you combine pigments, more colors of light are absorbed or taken away. Mixing pigments is called color subtraction. The primary pigments are yellow, cyan, and magenta. They are able to be combined to produce other colors.  

The 1st and 2nd Commandments

The first commandment is " I am the Lord your God: you shall not have strange gods before me."



In relation to our Catholic faith, this first commandment is taken very seriously. We are to believe that God is our God alone. No other god or gods exsits. The First Commandment is a reminder to focus on the great power and majesty of our Creator God.
As Catholics, we believe that God created us and only Him. In respect towards Him, we are to only love and have faith in one God, our God.



The first and second commandment are two of the most impostant commandements thaat God gave to Moses and us. The second commandment is "You shall not take the Lord's name in vain." Both of these commandments are in respect to God. He's name is sacred. We are not to use the Lord's name in ways that are meaningless and useless. In the first commandment, we are to only have faith in a way in one God, which is Him. Both the first and second commandment are essential in living a life with God. These commandments help us become better people and followers of Christ.  

Interactions of Light Waves

Refraction

The bending of a wave as it passes at an angle from one substance, or material, to another is called refraction. Refraction of lught waves occurs becuase the speed of light differs depending on the material through which the waves travel through. Light travels slowly through matter. When a wave enters a new material at an angle, the part of the wave that enters first begins traveling at a different speed from that of the rest of the wave.

When light passes into a material where the speed of light is slower, the light bends away from the boundary between the materials.

When light passes into a material where the speed of light is faster, the light bends toward the boundary.

A prism is a piece of glass that separates white light into the colors of visible by refraction. 

If light passes through a prism it will be refracted twice - once when it enters and another when it exits.